Alysha Group 6 - Citarum River

                                    Citarum, Kalimantan

Citarum River in West Java and the entire island of Kalimantan are among the world’s 10 most polluted places alongside Chernobyl in Ukraine. The river made it to the list because of industrial waste and chemical pollution. As the river is polluted, it is hard for residents who reside along the river to get food and drink. The polluted river is so polluted that fishes in the water cannot breathe and eventually die due to the extreme pollution. Thus, fishes die and float on the surface of the river. It is easier for fisherman to get food.. but they eat dead fish.

Textile factories in Bandung and Cimahi were found to be the major toxic waster contributors to the river. Pollutionof the river also come from the vast small-scale gold mining in the area that utilized mercury in the gold extraction process. Clogged with household waste, toxic chemicals dumped by textile factories and dead animals, it has lost 60 per cent of its fish stocks. 

At times, the water turns red, green, yellow and black because of the high concentration of dyes. It has been linked with increased cancer rates, as well as skin diseases, mental illness and slow development among local children. In Indonesia, the cases of cancer and fatal infections are constantly increasing. May god and the government help make the river better.

2E2 Fiona - Citarum River

The World's most polluted river

TEMPO.CO, Jakarta - Blacksmith Institute, a non-profit organization based in New York, and Green Cross, Switzerland, stated that the Citarum River Basin in Bandung, West Java, covers an area of approximately 13,000. It is one of the ten most polluted rivers in the world in 2013. The river made it to the list because of industrial waste and chemical pollution.

Blacksmith's report mentioned that more than 500 thousand people are directly affected by the pollution at Citarum River. Meanwhile, more than 5 million people are indirectly affected because of the chemical pollutant thrown to the river and carried away by the stream. The river contains a level of lead, aluminum, manganese and iron that, on several occasions, are higher than the average level. The source of pollution was originated from the industrial and domestic activities around the river.

2E2 Justin Leong and Marcus Chen - Haze in Singapore

Haze in Singapore
The haze in Singapore was affected by the forest fires in Indonesia. The Indonesians set fire in the forest, to clear the land for plantation to be carried out. This fire has polluted the air with dust and smoke particle, this particle is transported by wind to Singapore. The burning continued, it lasted for a month. Worsening the haze in Singapore as the weather is dry and hot.

There were health problems, these were effects of the haze in Singapore. Dust and smoke causes difficulty in breathing as well as irritations to peoples throats and eyes. When they are exposed to dust and smoke for a long time, we can develop respiratory problems such as bronchitis and asthma.

There was also traffic hazards, which is also the effects of the haze in Singapore. This poses a inconvinece to people that are driving.

GekHui - Citarum River

A boy collect plastics from a polluted river in Jakarta. The Earth is literally covered in water, but more than a billion people lack access to clean water ... the river had been polluted for 20+ years. All the fishes had died, people have to make money from collecting waste from the river itself to make money..

sometimes, they can find dead bodies  in the river too.

now its known as The World’s Worst 2013: The Top Ten Toxic Threats, published on Monday, also said that around 200 million people in the world had been exposed to toxic pollution, which could lead to various health risks, including cancer. they get skin diseases from using these water, and that could lead to skin cancer.

Sheena Loo 2E2 - Exxon Valdez Oil Spill

- The Problem 
The Exxon Valdez was carrying over 53 million gallons of crude oil, when the tanker headed for Long Beach, California. Three hours later, just after midnight on March 24th, the Exxon Valdez ran into Bligh Reef, spilling 10.8 million gallons of oil.

- Causes of the pollution

Investigations say that the accident was an outcome of poor maneuvering. It was also found that the 3rd mate on duty was not given the mandatory 6 hours rest before the starting of his next 12 hour duty. Thus it is possible that stress and excessive workload might have led to inefficient watch-keeping by the 3rd mate. Moreover, though the ship was on autopilot, it was found that the radar was not working since the time ship left the Valdez Terminal. It was also claimed that the master of the ship was under the influence of alcohol and left the watch during maneuvering through critical areas. Thus it was proved that the Exxon Shipping Company could not provide an efficient and sufficient crew to the ship, which unfortunately led to the accident.

-Effects of the pollution

Approximately 1,990 square kilometers of shoreline was badly polluted. Almost 2000 sea otters, 302 harbor seals, and 250,000 birds died in the days that followed the incident. Then, because there was no solid plan with both the state and federal government dealing with such emergency situation , the oil spill reached far-off places before any kind of response process can be started.

laxwaran - Exxon Valdez Oil Spill

The world"s worst oil spill accident was started on March 24,1989.Within hours the oil spilt was 11 million gallant of crude oil.This was a very big pollution to the world.This pollution caused many harmful effects on wildlife and fishing industries.Animals fought for their lives and had a real hard time,as they got sick and affected by this oil spillage.The spillage occured when the captain of the ship was drinking in the lower deck of the ship.He was in an alcoholic situation,when he should not have been in that position.

Joan and Nanthini - Exxon Valdez Oil spill

Problem

The  Exxon Valdez  oil spill  in Prince William Occurred Sound, Alaska, on March 24, 1989, WHEN  Exxon Valdez , an  oil Tanker  bound for  Long Beach , California, struck  Prince William Sound 's  Bligh Reef  at twelve four am local time and  Spilled  260,000 to 750,000 Barrels of  crude oil  over the Next Few days. It IS Considered to BE one of the MOST Devastating human-Caused Environmental Disasters . The  Valdez  spill WAS the Largest ever in US Waters UNTIL the 2010  Deepwater Horizon  oil spill , in Terms of volume Released.   However, Prince William Sound's remote location, accessible only by Helicopter, plane, or Boat, made ​​Government and Industry response Efforts Difficult and Severely Taxed existing Plans for response. The region IS a  Habitat  for  salmon ,  Sea Otters , Seals  and  Seabirds . The oil, Originally Extracted at the  Prudhoe Bay oil field , Eventually Covered 1,300 Miles of Coastline,  and 11,000 Square Miles of Ocean.  Exxon's CEO,  Lawrence Rawl , shaped the Company's response

Effects of Oil Spills

1. Environmental Effects:  . first of these is the Environmental effect The Animal Life that lives in the Water or near the Shore Are the ones MOST affected by the spill In MOST Cases, the oil Simply Chokes the Animals to death That Others Live face a number of other problems. The oil works its way into the fur and plumage of the animals. As a result, both birds and mammals find it harder to float in the water or regulate their body temperatures. 

2. Effect on Economy: The second major effect of the oil spill is seen on the economy When precious crude oil or refined petroleum is lost, it effects the amount of petroleum and gas available for use This means more barrels have to be imported from other countries. Then comes the process of cleaning the oil spill, which requires a lot of financing. Although the company responsible for the oil spills and their effects has to clean it up, there is a lot of government help required at this point. 

Nurul , Agatha ( Haze in Singapore)

                                                         Haze in Singapore

The 2013 haze outbreak was one of the most serious haze episodes to affect Singapore in the past 16 years. It was the first time that the PSI level reached the hazardous range, with the highest PSI reading of 401 recorded on 21 June 2013. At the peak of the outbreak, the general public was advised by the authorities to minimize outdoor activities and to wear N95 masks if they needed to engage in outdoor activities.

Haze began to get worse in Singapore in 2013 due to Forest fires in Sumatra, Indonesia. Many farmers in Indonesia practice shifting agriculture, which is a traditional farming method that involves clearing tracts of forested land for cultivation using the slash-and burn method. This practice has intensified in recent decades as large-scale burning is carried out to prepare land for the planting of commercial crops such as oil palm. 

Due to the haze in Singapore we have to minimize outdoor activities and wear N95 masks when heading out. People got worried as Singapore is a busy country which adults go to work mostly everyday and students have to go school. The schools had to conduct Physical Education indoors. 

~Zul~ ~2E2~ ~Group 6~ Citarum River

Citarum named as World Most Polluted River

     
     Citarum River of Java , Indonesia , has been named the world most polluted river. This has caused about five million of people living near the river to suffer.  

     The river is heavily polluted mainly by human activities as there is about five million living at its basin. Textile factories in Bandung and Cimahi were major toxic waste contributors. More than 2,000 industries contaminate 5,020 sq miles of the river with lead, mercury, arsenic and other toxin

      This affect about five million people to suffer from diseases from skin problems to diarrhea.  It also causes more marine creatures to die from pollution which causes fishermen's pays to reduce alot. 

Zedrick,Wayne,Agatha,Nurul Group 3 - Haze in Singapore

Haze In Singapore

Haze In Singapore Reached The Highest Record Breaking Of 400 PSI.The Haze Was Cause By Indonesia Clearing Their Forests For Plantations The Haze From The Forest Fires Were Carried By The Wind To Singapore And Malaysia.Singapore was shrouded in a smoky-smelling haze on Monday as pollution from forest fires in Indonesia's Sumatra island spread to neighbouring countries.

The Pollutant Standards Index reading at noon stood at 80, in the higher range of the "moderate" band, according to the National Environment Agency (NEA) website. Any reading above 100 is considered unhealthy.

The haze was visible at street level in Singapore's central business district but has so far not affected business or air transport. Singapore schools are on holiday.

People with heart and lung disease, those over 65 and children are advised to "reduce prolonged or heavy outdoor exertion" even in moderate conditions.

"The hazy conditions are expected to persist for the next few days," the NEA said.

Malaysia has also been affected by the recurring haze problem, which occurs in the dry season as a result of forest fires in the sprawling Indonesian archipelago, some of them deliberately started to clear land for cultivation.

Haze reached unhealthy levels in Malaysia over the weekend.

On Monday, the Malaysian pollutant index showed unhealthy levels of between 102 and 121 in parts of the states of Pahang, Terengganu and Malacca.

In the capital Kuala Lumpur, the sky remained hazy with a reading of 82.

Southeast Asia's haze problem hit its worst level in 1997-1998, causing widespread health problems and costing the regional economy billions of dollars as a result of business and air transport disruptions.

Jenevieve (Exxon Valdez Oil Spill in Alaska)

The National Transportation Safety Board investigated the accident and determined that the probable causes were:

-The failure of the third mate to properly maneuver the vessel, possibly due to fatigue and excessive workload

-The failure of the master to provide a proper navigation watch, possibly due to impairment from alcohol

-The failure of Exxon Shipping Company to supervise the master and provide a rested and sufficient crew for the Exxon Valdez

-The failure of the U.S. Coast Guard to provide an effective vessel traffic system

-The lack of effective pilot and escort services.

During the time of accident, Exxon Valdez was carrying 200 million liters of crude oil, out of which it spilled around 40 million liters into the sea. As a result, approximately 1,990 square kilometers of shoreline was badly polluted.

Marine and wild lives were the hardest hit by the oil spill. Lives of millions of fishes almost came to a standstill. Some were killed by eating oil contaminated food, while others were starved to death because of the spoiling of plankton and larva on which they were dependent. 

Moreover, the thick layer of oil on the surface disrupted the whole marine life beneath it. 

Beaches and coastal lines were also greatly affected. The life style of the people of the region completely changed. The fishing industry came to a sudden standstill. Many sea birds and animals were washed to the shore, some in dying condition and other already dead. Some of the species such as harbor seals, pink salmon, and sea otters were suddenly invisible. In total, more than 20 types of birds and animals were affected by the oil spill, whose effect is still observed today in many of them. They also spent about $2.1 billion on the cleanup effort.

Jun Hao & Bryant - Citarum River

The problem of water supply in  Indonesia is polluted by alot rubbish  thrown to the river by the people there,because of the lack of water they are using water that is polluted by bacteria, which would cause harm to their body when they use it.The water pollution cause the people living there don't have clean water for their daily use

Nicole, Wen Xuan, Lewis, Kim Hong - Air pollution in China

The haze situation in Bejing is getting way out of hand.
Beijing smog is mainly caused by industrial pollution.
Primary sources of pollutants include exhaust emission from Beijing's more than five million motor vehicles, coal burning in neighbouring regions, dust storms from the north and local construction dust.






Health experts say that the current smog levels are not necessarily due to an increase in pollutant particles, more a lack of wind in dispersing the haze.
The China Daily said there are also not enough 'green areas' in the city 'to help soak up the fumes discharged by vehicles and industries'.

There has also been rapid industrialisation in China and a heavy reliance on coal power, which have both contributed to the problem.




Chinese scientists have warned that the country's toxic air pollution is now so bad that it resembles a nuclear winter, slowing photosynthesis in plants – and potentially wreaking havoc on the country's food supply.

The worsening air pollution has already exacted a significant economic toll, grounding flights, closing highways and keeping tourists at home. On Monday 11,200 people visited Beijing's Forbidden City, about a quarter of the site's average daily draw.

Danish - Citarum River

Citarum River Indonesia is the world most populated river.The causes of water pollution is improper disposal of sewage and oil spills.this sewage refer to solid waste which is produce by household or industries and are released to river or lakes before being treated hence water bodies get polluted because sewage contain human waste,detergent and chemicals.the waste produced by industries is especially harmful as it contains toxic chemicals.In some countries it can be treated at sewage treatment plants to remove the waste products.Another cause of water pollution is oil spills,it can occurs when the hull of an oil tanker is torn by sharp rocks,or if the tanker collides with another ship,causing the oil it is carrying to spill into the sea.This cause of water pollution will cause people to not enjoy clean water,economic loss as oils spills threaten fishermen's livelihood as well as the fishing industry.People may suffer from cholera and typhoid when they drink the water which is contaminated

Alfred - Air Pollution in Beijing

Dangerously dirty air which hits up to 755 PSI. Beijing residents are encourage to stay at home. 

Chinese media say That Although some of the smog can be attributed to Wintry  weather  conditions, the human contribution is one of the biggest Factors. 

British expats in Beijing say although air pollution is 'nothing new' in the city, the most recent levels of smog have shocked even long-term residents.

Health experts say That the current smog levels are not Necessarily due to an Increase in pollutant particles, more a  lack of wind  in dispersing the haze 
Having the haze not only affect the vision but the breathing of people in Beijing. Haze can be very dangerous and lethal. 

Air pollution in Beijing, China ( Janani and Glenda.)

AIR POLLUTION IN BEIJING CHINA

Levels of pollution have soared past the levels considered hazardous by the World Health Organisation, as dense smog hangs over Beijing and 30 other cities in northern and eastern China.

Authorities have Introduced Anti-Pollution Policies and - ups pledged to Clean up the Environment but has not eased the problem.

   

Roy

Exxon Valdez Oil Spill in Alaska

The  Exxon Valdez  Oil spill  occurred in Prince William Sound, Alaska, on March 24, 1989, an  Oil Tanker  bound for  Long Beach , California, struck  Prince William Sound 's  Bligh Reef  at 12:04 am.

There was use of a  Dispersant , a  Surfactant  and  Solvent  Mixture removing 113,400 liters of oil to 1,134 liters of removable residue.Both the Long-Term and Short-Term Effects of the Oil spill have BEEN Studied.Included the Deaths  of Immediate Effects as MANY as 100,000 to 250,000 Seabirds

Group 8: Exxon Valdez oil spill - [rui yong praveen]

Exxon Valdez oil spill

• It is considered to be one of the most devastating human-caused environmental disasters. The Valdez spill was the largest ever in US waters.
• The region is a habitat for salmon, sea otters, seals and sea birds.
• The oil, originally extracted at the Prudhoe Bay oil field eventually covered 1,300 miles (2,100 km) of coastline, and 11,000 square miles (28,000 km²) of ocean.

The amount of oil spilled could fill 125 Olympic-sized swimming pools.

• As many as 2,800 sea otters, 300 harbor seals, 900 bald eagles and 250,000 seabirds died in the days following the disaster.
• 1,300 miles of coastline were hit by the oil spill.
• 1,000 harlequin ducks were killed by the oil spill, in addition to many chronic injuries that occurred as a result of the long term effects of the spill.
• The cleanup required about 10,000 workers, 1,000 boats and roughly 100 airplanes and helicopters.
• Four deaths were directly associated with cleanup efforts.
• The spill caused over $300 million of economic harm to more than 32 thousand people whose livelihoods depended on commercial fishing.
• Tourism spending decreased by eight percent in south central Alaska and by 35 percent in southwest Alaska in the year after the spill.
• There was a loss of 9,400 visitors and $5.5 million in state spending.
• Many fish populations were harmed during the spill. For example, sand lance populations went down in 1989 and 1990, herring returns were significantly fewer in 1992 and 1994 and adult fish had high rates of viral infections.
• Pink salmon embryos continued to be harmed and killed by oil that remained on stones and gravel of stream banks through at least 1993. As a result, the southwestern part of Prince William Sound lost 1.9 million or 28 percent of its potential stock of wild pink salmon. By 1992, this part of the sound still had 6 percent less of the wild pink salmon stock than was estimated to have existed if the spill had not occurred.
• Two years following the Exxon Valdez spill, the economic losses to recreational fishing were estimated to be $31 million.
• Twelve years after the spill, oil could still be found on half of the 91 randomly selected beaches surveyed.
• Three species of cormorant, the common loon, the harbor seal, the harlequin duck, the pacific herring and the pigeon guillemot still have not fully recovered.